3D Cardiac Vector & ECG Lead Formation

H⃗(t) — cardiac dipole (white arrow)
L̂ — unit lead vector (colored arrows)
Dashed line — projection onto lead axis
Blue loop — vectorcardiogram (VCG)

↔ x = Left / Right
↕ y = Superior / Inferior
● z = Anterior / Posterior

Heart rate: ~11 bpm (yavaş) ⟳ Auto-rotate: ON ● VCG Loop: OFF

ECG amplitude = dot product of cardiac vector with each lead vector  |  H⃗(t) · L̂